As incertezas do mundo

Ou seria: um mundo de incertezas? Porque do jeito que a coisa anda, não dá mais para saber o que vai ser daqui pra frente; e não importa se você está no Brasil, nos EUA, ou aqui no sudeste asiático.

Há dois meses eu estava entrando num avião com destino à Ásia, sem saber ao certo qual seria meu itinerário ou quanto tempo eu ficaria.

No começo de novembro eu cheguei em Myanmar (Birmânia), ansiosa para viajar por esse país tão fascinante.

Dois dias depois que cheguei em Myanmar, teve eleição para presidente dos EUA.

No dia seguinte à eleição, toda a minha empolgação por estar num país tão exótico cedeu lugar ao silêncio e a descrença. Eu fiquei muda por horas enquanto seguia o resultado da votação que acabou elegendo Donald Trump.

Eu sei que ninguém mais aguenta ler sobre o Trump. Eu escrevi um pouquinho mais sobre isso na versão em inglês desse post, e para quem quiser saber o que eu acho (em inglês) é só clicar aqui e ler a primeira parte do texto.

*

Para além das incertezas que rodeiam os EUA e o mundo como um todo, minha vinda para Myanmar me apresentou um país que também se encontra num momento de indefinições.

Myanmar é um país numa encruzilhada. Não acho que existe descrição melhor. É um país com imenso potencial de desenvolvimento econômico, social e político, que patina ao lidar com décadas de governo militar e com uma democracia frágil e que ainda engatinha de tão nova que é.

Durante as 4 semanas que passei no país, eu visitei as animadas e barulhentas Yangon e Mandalay; a capital do estado de Kachin, Myitkyina; fiz o trekking the Kalaw para Inle Lake; fui até a maravilhosa e mágica Bagan; e visitei a cidade onde morou o escritor inglês George Orwell, Mawlamyine.

Eu não segui um roteiro muito lógico… Acabei me planejando conforme a disponibilidade e agenda dos amigos que estão por aqui. Afinal de contas, não é muito mais legal poder visitar a região com um amigo que é local? Ou ir a um casamento tradicional, para o qual a sua amiga foi convidada? Assim, dessa vez eu preferi ir onde as pessoas estavam, mesmo que isso significasse longas distâncias e muitas horas me locomovendo de um lugar a outro.

Esse meu planejamento sem lógica também contribuiu para aumentar o número de lugares a visitar na próxima vez que eu vier ao país: Putao, ao norte, olhando para a parte leste dos Himalaias; Sittwe, no estado de Rakhine, onde conflitos étnicos/religiosos têm acontecido frequentemente; Naypidaw, a capital fantasma do país – será uma Brasília do século XXI?; Dawei ao sul e as áreas de fronteira com a Tailândia.

Myanmar é, sem dúvida, um país para visitar. Está mudando e mudando rápido. Espero que mude para melhor, apesar de algumas pessoas com quem conversei não estarem tão otimistas.

As pessoas são elegantes e lindas em suas longas saias chamadas longyi. Eu amo, AMO homens usando longyis. Eles ficam tão charmosos! E as mulheres sempre elegantes combinando as cores das saias e das camisas; as roupas sempre ajustadas ao corpo, feitas sob medida. Eu não me lembro de ver gente obesa, mesmo com uma comida tão oleosa. Me disseram que óleo é sinal de riqueza na cultura local. Minha barriga reclamou um pouco… mas ainda assim não vi obesidade.

A paisagem me lembra muito o Brasil. O trajeto entre Mandalay e Bagan, e Bagan e Yangon, me transportou para o cerrado e suas veredas. Cidades como Yangon, Mandalay e Myitkyina me lembraram de cidades do norte e nordeste como Manaus, Belém e Fortaleza. Cachorros de rua, falta de calçada para pedestres, motoristas que aceleram ao invés de brecar quando notam que você está tentando atravessar a rua; pequenas coisas que me levaram de volta ao meu país natal.

As pessoas também têm algo de “brasileiras”; são super hospitaleiras e muito simpáticas com estrangeiros. Quando não são muito tímidas elas retornam o meu “mingalabar” – “oi” em Myanmar – e até puxam um papo e pedem para tirar uma foto comigo. Elas sempre se oferecem para ajudar quando eu pareço perdida, e isso fez com que eu encaresse meu próprio preconceito e bagagem pessoal, pois fico achando que vão me passar a perna, cobrar mais que o devido, ou me mandar para o lugar errado. Mas daí me lembro que aqui é Myanmar. Relaxo e saio rindo de mim mesma.

Algumas breves anotações de viagem (sorry, por enquanto apenas em inglês) sobre os lugares que visitei estão aqui.

O que eu vi e ouvi durante a minha estada em Myanmar só corroborou com a minha ideia inicial de que este é sim um país fascinante. Há ainda muitas áreas proibidas para estrangeiros por causa dos conflitos entre o exército (ligado ao governo, mas independente do poder executivo) e grupos armados e minorias étnicas. Atualmente, um dos conflitos de maior repercussão internacional acontece em Rakhine e envolve a minoria muçulmana.

Ao mesmo tempo que eu tenho um olhar do tipo “uau”, de curiosidade e excitação pelo simples fato de estar aqui, eu também carrego comigo a inquietação, intuição e olhar crítico de geógrafa. Não consigo parar de pensar que apesar de lindo esse é um país onde há muita tensão no ar e muita incerteza com relação ao futuro.

Nesse momento, com o que acontece em Rakhine, a incerteza é um tanto óbvia: como o governo democraticamente eleito em 2015 vai lidar com os conflitos atuais? Porque Aung Sang Suu Kyi, que ganhou o Prêmio Nobel da Paz, não se posiciona sobre esses conflitos?

Há também incertezas menos óbvias: será que as políticas postas em prática estão de fato contribuindo para um desenvolvimento efetivo e para a formação de uma sociedade justa e inclusiva?

Menos óbvio ainda, o que está por trás da forma com que o governo e o exército têm ocupado os territórios e, assim, expressado seu poder sobre ele?

No norte, no estado de Kachin, por exemplo, há um acampamento com famílias do sul do país. Elas foram levadas para lá pelo governo para trabalharem na instalação e manutenção de postes e linhas de transmissão de energia. Minha primeira pergunta foi “porque não contratar mão de obra local?”, “Boa pergunta!” respondeu meu tradutor. Para ele há uma estratégia “não-oficial” de colonização e ocupação de regiões como Kachin – onde 98% da população é Cristã. Vale lembrar que Myanmar é um país budista, e esses trabalhadores vindos do sul são todos budistas.

Numa outra ocasião, meu guia fez um comentário sobre “a necessidade de construir prédios cristãos no topo dos morros, porque os budistas estão se apropriando de todos os morros da região e construindo pagodas (templos) em todos eles.” Para uma geógrafa como eu isso é fascinante. É um claro exemplo de como o poder se expressa sobre o território. Eu tenho total consciência de que meu conhecimento sobre as dinâmicas e complexidades que envolvem política, religião e minorias étnicas em Myanmar ainda é bem pequeno, mas devo confessar que depois de ouvir esse comentário – que veio de uma forma tão natural e despretensiosa – eu passei a olhar a presença budista de uma forma diferente, com um pouco mais de desconfiança, até mesmo mais do que eu gostaria.

Essa inquietação e desconforto só fez aumentar minha vontade de aprender mais e mais sobre esse país, e de seguir de forma mais próxima como as atuais incertezas vão se desenrolar e impactar o desenvolvimento econômico, político e social. O processo pelo qual o país está passando me lembra muito o período pós-governos militares na América Latina. Vai ser interessante voltar para Myanmar daqui há alguns anos e ver qual o caminho que o país tomou.

 

Quer ver fotos? Clique aqui. Ou dê uma olhadinha lá no Instagram @literal.uncertainty

 

The uncertainties of the world

[leia em Português]

Mawlamyine, Myanmar – November 26, 2016

Or should it be a world of uncertainties?

Two months ago I was boarding a plane in Boston to SE Asia not knowing what my itinerary was going to be.

Twenty days ago I arrived in Myanmar anxious to travel around this unknown and fascinating country.

Two days later it was election day in the USA.

The day after, my excitement gave way to disbelief. I remained speechless as I followed the results minute-by-minute from one of the few places where you can find good internet connection in Yangon.

I’m sorry for bringing this up but I need to make a parenthesis before continuing on my adventures.

I’m sure you are upset and tired of reading about Trump. I understand. It doesn’t look good and it isn’t getting any better as days go by. But I can’t help myself. It was too much of a shock to see one more of The Simpsons’ prophecies coming to life.

I’m no political analyst and have no intention whatsoever in becoming one. What I really enjoy are anthropological studies – a fancy way I call “people watching” – and I apologize in advance to my American friends for my honesty – maybe bluntness – here. But I must say I find it an intriguing phenomena that the next US president is a showman.

For me it is quite a natural process for a country where you have TVs everywhere. TVs and hundreds of TV channels – who really watches all those channels? For me it’s an expected election result for a country that judges electoral debates based on the way candidates interact with the cameras, how they articulate words more than ideas and policies, on the color of their ties or blazers. A country where reality shows cover pretty much every topic you can imagine, and where the Kardashians are the example of success to be followed.

I’m sorry my dear American friends… But I can only say I saw it coming that a reality show host becomes your president.

And I really feel for you; I feel for your country I learned to love; I feel for Jack and Sophie, for Yara’s nephews and nieces, for all the kids that have to live not only through a Trump presidency, but who will have to fix what he’s going to leave behind after four – hopefully only four – years in the Oval Office.

I truly hope that after this shocking result people realize that reality shows actually have scripts, that there’s some kind of control behind the scenes – even if it’s only to decide what scenes are going to be aired.

Trump on the presidency, on the other hand, is a free rider. The future of the USA and the world is completely uncertain right now. The direction it’s pointing doesn’t look good from where I’m standing.

*

Enough about the uncertainties of a superpower and the world it influences. Let’s talk about Myanmar and the beauties and challenges of a country in transition, where the future is as uncertain as the USA.

Myanmar is a country at a crossroad. I looked for a better description, but couldn’t find one. It is a country with full potential to develop economically, socially, and politically in a positive way, but struggling to deal with what was left from decades of military dictatorship and young and fragile democracy.[i]

In twenty days I visited the lively cities of Yangon and Mandalay; Kachin’ state capital Myitkyina; hills and villages between Kalaw and Inle Lake; breathtaking Bagan; and George Orwell’s Mawlamyine.

I didn’t follow a logical itinerary; instead I planned according to friends’ schedules. After all, how cool is it to visit a region with your local friend? Or attend a traditional Burmese wedding of another friend’s colleague? This time I preferred to go where friends were, even if it meant a lot of long-distance and time consuming traveling from one place to another, as well as shorter periods of time in each place.

It also means I have quite an extensive list of places to go for my next time in Myanmar: Putao on the very north of Kachin, looking at the Eastern Himalayas; Sittwe and other parts of Rakhine state, region struggling with ethnic and religious conflict; Naypidaw, the ghost-town capital and surroundings; Dawei, the southern coastline and border with Thailand. So many places to be seen that I’ll have to come back soon 😉

Myanmar is definitely a place to visit. It’s changing and it’s changing fast. I wish it changes for the better, although some people I’ve talked to are not as optimistic as they were right after the election last year.

People here look beautiful in their longyis. I love, LOVE men in longyis! How charming they look! The women are super elegant, always matching the colors of their long tube skirts with their tops. I can’t recall seeing obese people even though food is pretty oily. I was told oil is a sign of wealth in Burmese culture. My tummy complained, still no obesity.

The landscape reminds me a lot of Brazil. All the way from Mandalay to Bagan, and from Bagan to Yangon, I was transported to the Cerrado and its veredas. Cities like Yangon, Mandalay, and in a smaller scale Myiktyina reminded me of Northern Brazil and places like Manaus, Belém and Fortaleza. Street dogs, just like in Thailand, the lack of sidewalks, and drivers that speed instead of stopping when they see you trying to cross a busy road also brought me memories of my home country.

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Sun rising in Bagan

Nevertheless, people here are as welcoming as Brazilians, if not more. When not too shy they’d greet me with beautiful smiles, return my “mingalabar” – hello in Burmese – and even start a conversation, sometimes followed by a request to take a picture with me. Often they offered to help when I looked lost – and I had to face my own prejudice and fear of being swindled. Brief notes on the places I visited here.

What I’ve seen and heard so far corroborate my idea that this is, indeed, a fascinating country. There are many areas where a foreigner cannot go due to conflicts between the Burmese Army and local armed or minorities groups – the most pressing currently being the one in Rakhine state involving the Muslim minority (for more on Rakhine’s recent conflict development check this and this).

Together with my “wow” lenses, of curiosity and excitement for the simple fact that I’m finally here, I always carry my geographer view and intuition. And I can’t help but think that this is a country embedded in a lot of tension.

The most obvious refers to an uncertain future: how will the government deal with the ongoing conflicts? Why Aung Sang Suu Kyi, a Peace Nobel laureate, does not address them?

Not so obvious, are the right policies being implemented to contribute to an effective development and inclusive society?

Even less obvious is the way the government and the Army[ii] take over the territory and express their power over it.

In Kachin state, for example, there is a campground where families from the south of the country are living. They were brought by the government to work on the installation and maintenance of power lines. My first question was “why bring people from the South? Why not hire locals?” Well, “very good question” replied my local translator. For him there’s an unofficial strategy to colonize regions like Kachin – where 98% of the population is Christian – with Buddhist Burmans.

On another occasion, my guide made a comment about “the need for Christian buildings on top of hills, because the Buddhists are taking over and building Pagodas everywhere.” For a geographer like me this is more than fascinating. This is the pure expression of how power expresses itself on a territory. I’m fully aware I have a very partial picture of the complexity involving religion and ethnic minorities here, thus I must confess that after his comment I viewed the Buddhist presence in the country in a different way, with more skepticism than I’d even like to.

This uneasiness and discomfort only make me want to learn more and more about Myanmar. And to follow closer how the current uncertainties will unfold and impact the social, economic, and political development of the country.

 

[i] Last presidential election happened in November 2015 and new government took over on April 2016.

[ii] That is independent from the Executive.

 

Travel notes – Myanmar

Yangon is a city I explored mainly on foot. People don’t usually spend too much time here, but a very good friend is living here and I very much wanted to spend time with her.

While she was at work I wandered and got lost in the humid and hot Yangon, alternating with work days when I’d find a Café with internet and spend hours looking at the computer screen.

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Shwedagon Pagoda
Shwedagon Pagoda is a must see. It’s the most important temple in Myanmar. Entrance fee for foreigners is 8000 kyat – a bit less than US$8. If you ever go and find the “Saturday corner” – you’ll understand once there – let me know; I was super disappointed I could not find it even after going around it three times.

After visiting the Pagoda, it’s worth checking Vista Bar, where there’s an impressive view of the temple, and the lemongrass lemonade is quite delicious. 🙂

Kalaw to Inle Lake trekking is one of the main attractions for foreigners. I usually try to avoid touristy things but I’m happy I did the 3-days trekking through villages (45000 kyats per person in a group of 5+). There I learned a few words in Burmese, such as choré and laré, both meaning beautiful or full of beauty. I got to ask locals about their lives and answered their questions mainly about 1) my age and 2) my country, then if I’m traveling alone, why, if I’m married or not, and so on.

As far as I can tell, the trekking is organized in a way that local villagers benefit from the tourism in the region. They host groups for tea, lunch, and for the night. If you are rested enough to wake up early you can enjoy a beautiful sunrise and witness the whole village coming to life in the very early morning. First getting water for tea, then letting the cattle out and laying the chilies to dry outside; you can smell the wood burning in the cook stoves, see the kids running outside. By 7:30 the streets were busy and full of people.

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Chilies going to the sun
Again the landscape reminded of Brazil. This time it took me to the Serra da Mantiqueira and to my grandparent’s ranch where I spent part of my childhood.

The trekking ended on a small river where we took a boat towards Inle Lake. The lake is very scenic and I couldn’t resist and jumped in the water for a quick swim. So refreshing!

Finally in Nyaungshwe I struggled a bit to find accommodation because the place was FULL due to the festival in Taunggyi – one of the largest, if not “the” largest, festival in Myanmar. Luckily I was able to find a hostel (10000 kyats) AND transportation (8000 kyats) to check out the last day of the festival.

Myiktyina is Kachin’s capital, 20 hours by train (8500 kyats, upper class) from Mandalay and 2 maybe 3 hours by car from the China border. I was the only foreigner on the train to and from Myiktyina, a city without much tourist attractions, a huge Christian – mainly Baptist – community, and a serious drug addiction problem among the youth. Because of the proximity to China, business with that country is an important source of income to most of the local families, being the trade of teak and jade, among other natural resources, the main economic activity.

While in Myiktyina, I visited one of the IDP (internal displaced people) camps that receives people who flee conflict in their villages. There I talked to a woman who’s been living in the camp since 2011. When asked how she deals with the uncertainty of being or not able to go back to her village she replied that she prays to God, that He is the only one who knows what her future will be like.

A beautiful day trip from Myiktyina is the place where the Irrawaddy (or Ayeyarwady) River starts, at the confluence of the Maika and Malikha Rivers. If carrying a large camera beware of a 1000 kyats “photography fee”. The Irrawaddy is the country’s main river and has enormous cultural importance to the Kachin people. More about the challenges linked to it can be found here.

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Where the Irrawaddy River starts
First time I visited Mandalay it was only for an overnight, on my way to Myitkyina. On the way back I decided to spend more than only a few hours and was quite happy with my decision.

I rented a bicycle (3000 kyats/day) and rode about 25-30km, from Mandalay Hill to the world’s longest teak bridge, stopping at Zay Cho market – where I couldn’t resist the fabrics and got myself two longyis – and making my way to the bridge by the riverside road. The sunset from the bridge was beautiful, and there I had a pleasant chat with a smiley monk. On my ride back to the hotel I thanked my years riding my bike in the Boston area – known by its very aggressive drivers – as I was riding confidently enough to make myself seen by trucks, buses, cars, scooters, other bicycles, and pedestrians despite not having bike lights, riding on occasional sand banks, and crossing dark streets. (don’t worry mom, I’m still alive and have all my body parts with me)

After spending the day exploring Mandalay I boarded the night train to Bagan (1800 kyats, ordinary class only) where I arrived at 3:30 in the morning, right in time to get an amazing spot at the White Temple to watch the sunrise. I‘m still looking for words to describe Bagan. All I can say is that this place will leave you speechless. Don’t give up after going to the most famous and busy temples. Rent an e-bike (I paid 5000 kyats/day) and allow yourself to get lost among the thousands of temples and you’ll find places to appreciate a quiet sunset or sunrise.

Bagan was also the place where I had two “first time” experiences. It was the first place I missed having a travel partner to share impressions, talk about the different temples, discuss which direction to take at a crossroad, and decide the best location for next day’ sunrise. Not that I did not enjoy it, I did! But I couldn’t help but think it would be nice to have company.

Not as romantic as the former, I had my first food poisoning experience in Southeast Asia. Not sure if it was the beer, the local food I had for lunch and dinner, or what. I just know it was not pleasant at all to wake up every 2 hours and climb down from my bunker bed in the middle of the night. Thankfully there’s Imodium, but I wouldn’t say I fully recovered yet.

From Bagan to Yangon I took the morning bus – not before enjoying one last sunrise (e-bike was 1900 kyats just for the sunrise). The trip took around 8-9 hours and once again I was transported to the Brazilian Cerrado as I watched the landscape through the bus’ window. The bus was super comfortable (13000 kyats) and I slept a good part of the way, hoping my stomach would behave.

Back in Yangon it was time to head to Mawlamyine for a Burmese wedding my friend was invited to – and I tagged along. Mawlamyine is the 4th largest city in Myanmar, something I could never tell. My impression was of a quiet town by the river where George Orwell lived, and that serves as stopping point for travelers arriving or leaving Myanmar through the border with Thailand. From there my first idea was to head south to Dawei, but the food poisoning is still bothering me, so I decided to head back to Yangon and enjoy having a “house” to stay for a couple of nights before hopping on a plane back to Bangkok.


Skills acquired throughout my life – and current highly valued by me:

  • Regular trips to the Amazon region from 2006 to 2010 >> ability to survive heat and humidity and to explore Yangon on foot
  • House/dog/cat-sitting during my last year in Boston >> ability to pack light, fast, and organized. Less is more. 
  • Bicycle as main mean of transportation in Massachusetts, home of the worst/most aggressive drivers in the USA >> ability to ride extra confidently among trucks, buses, cars, motorbikes, bicycles, pedestrians, and dogs without falling or being hit. 
  • A childhood eating dirt and a variety of weird bugs >> ability to avoid food poisoning for 2 months while eating a lot of street food in SE Asia. 

For frequent updates on my whereabouts follow @literal.uncertainty on Instagram 😉

The Burmese who wears a tie

[Or that time I played my Brazilian card]

I enter the elevator on the 6th floor.

Two floors down it stops. A Burmese man wearing a tie enters.

I noticed the tie because it’s not something I see around Yangon. A businessman or a lawyer. Or just someone who likes to wear ties.

He looks at me and says hello.

I’m wearing a summer outfit, ready for one more day exploring the city on foot.

He mentions the heat outside and I agree with a head gesture.

Then he says “You know, the heat is your fault. Developed countries’ fault.”

I smile and in a fraction of second think of something to say.

“Actually I’m from Brazil. So it’s not my fault.”

“Oh, Brazil! Then you’re nice.”

The door opens. We have reached the ground floor.

He leaves after me and we take different directions once we get to the street.

The only thing I could think of was “Oh wow! I finally played my Brazilian card!”

And smiled the whole day despite the scalding sun.

[Yangon, 2016]